Thirdly, drawing on epistemic networks analysis, we focus on institutional and authorship networks formed in the study of BIDs to describe and discuss the making of collaboration communities. Secondly, we want to characterize and document the global influence of academic knowledge on BIDs by mobilizing three units of analysis: authors, to identify who are the most influential scholars, when their scientific contribution appeared and how it has evolved sources, to find out where scientific knowledge on BIDs is published and, thus, epistemically circulated and documents, to discuss what has structured the thematic scope of the academic literature on BIDs. Firstly, we want to trace the rhythms of scientific production on BIDs by analyzing how academic knowledge on this new scheme of local governance has evolved in temporal and spatial terms. In mapping academic literature on BIDs over time, the aim of this paper is fourfold. While BIDs have been set in motion from specific ‘sites of invention’ to different ‘sites of emulation’ over the last few decades, a comprehensive and systematic overview of the academic research on BIDs remains to be conducted. BIDs have also been territorialized in Northern Ireland, the Netherlands and Japan, while other countries have recently set up pilot initiatives and discussed the politics of their formation. Predictably, over the past three decades, BIDs have crossed the US borders and spread to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in the 1990s and England, Wales, Scotland and Germany in the early 2000s. Thus, New York City’s BIDs and their evidence-based triumphs acted as ‘inspiring prototypes’ in a wide range of global circuits of knowledge to induce international policy learning and exchange. BIDs have been politically and socially constructed as a magic bullet to solve the problems of the vitality of traditional shopping districts in terms of security, safety and informal street vending, real estate appraisal, retail performance and pedestrian experience. New York City’s BIDs-a geographically bounded area in which property owners and/or business occupiers democratically vote to pay an assessment or levy that is ring-fenced for financing supplementary placemaking services, such as cleaning, security and branding-and their success revitalization stories have spread across international circuits of policymaking. These initiatives were funded through property assessments and were implemented after the creation of the then Times Square Business Improvement District (BID) in 1992. In the late 1980s, though, a group of property owners, together with the New York City government, decided to design a local revitalization plan focused on standard-bearer initiatives, including the Times Square New Year’s Eve. World premieres of peep shows in local theaters and the spread of broken bottles, lost syringes and triple X adults shops in the neighborhood enlighten why Times Square was described as a ‘red-light district’. However, in the 1970s and 1980s, Times Square’s reputation was a far cry from the experience economy that is now part of its identity.
As the countdown progresses and the Ball begins its descent, the New York City borough of Manhattan is gripped by a large-scale hysteria as throngs of revelers celebrate the beginning of a new year. These results constitute the first science mapping on the academic literature on BIDs, and we argue they should inform future scientific debates about the studying of this form of local governance.Įach year, the eyes of millions of revelers from all over the world are focused on the Times Square New Year’s Eve Ball. Findings suggest that (i) scientific production has increased since the early 2000s, has crossed US borders but remains highly Anglo-Saxon-centered (ii) academic knowledge on BIDs is multidisciplinary and has been published in high-impact journals (iii) influential documents on BIDs have centered on three issues: urban governance/politics, policy mobilities–mutation and impacts assessment and criticisms (iv) while author collaboration networks exist, the interaction between them is limited (v) the conceptualization of BIDs has changed over time, both in thematic and geographical focus. Drawing on bibliometric methods and bibliometrix R-tool, this paper maps and examines the state-of-the-art of academic knowledge on BIDs published between 19. However, a comprehensive overview of the academic literature on this form of local governance remains to be conducted.
They have been presented as a panacea to the economic and social challenges facing many cities and traditional shopping districts. Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) are a contemporary urban revitalization policy that has been set in motion through international policymaking circuits.
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